Multicultural Counseling Conceptualization

Multicultural Counseling Conceptualization Ilka I. Bryant Inter-group characteristics The term â€Å"African American† is used to refer to Americans descendants of the African tribes mainly from the sub-Sahara who came to America as slaves in the 17th and 18th centuries. As it is common with all unique cultural groups there are bound to be different core values, attitudes and beliefs even within the same group. Despite this, there are attitudes, beliefs and values that are very common and which bind the group or in this case the African Americans together. Some of these include; they have very strong kinship bonds, they strongly believe on the importance of strong religious ties or orientation, recognition of the importance of women and family in general is widespread. Children and how they are reared is viewed as the responsibility of every member of the community (Norment, 2005). The respect for the elderly is highly encouraged and practiced. Because of the historical injustices committed on the African American they have developed a sense of distrust of the government. They feel that the government neglected them and that it does not care. This has led many of them to become deeply religious, fatalistic and others have developed deviant behaviors. Most African Americans who have chosen the path of religion identify with the protestant movement and especially the Baptist denomination. On the aspect of group self-perceptions and issues related to stereotyping the African Americans have always felt discriminated upon because of their skin color (Norment, 2005). This feeling has not been helped by the various cases of injustices committed upon them from the first time they came to America as slaves, down the revolution times, during the times of the Black Power movements up to now. To the majority of African Americans the government neglected them a long time ago and this has had negative impacts on their socio-economic life. They argue that the government’s neglect has been the main cause of poverty among them (Norment, 2005). That they had very little opportunity for success because many of them did not go to school and therefore their chances of success both in the U.S and internationally was and is diminished. Some of them cite the slow government intervention during the hurricane Katrina as an example of how the government has neglected them. Intra-group characteristics As noted in the opening statement, the African Americans share may common beliefs, practices and attitudes. But like any other cultural group they also have several differences. These differences might be due to the geographical location, the level of education and even the economic class. Most of the elite African Americans for example do not have that strong attachment to religion that is common with other African Americans. Those African Americans who are doing very well economically are not likely to be bound by the beliefs, attitudes and practices that bind those below them economically. For instance, the kinship ties among the wealthy African Americans are not as pronounced as compared to the poor African Americans in the ghettos. Another major difference is between those African Americans from the South states such as Alabama which had a history of treating African American badly because of their skin color. The behavior and beliefs of the African Americans descended from thes e regions is very different from those who or their parents were raised in much liberal states such as New York which from the times of Abraham Lincoln was more lenient and tolerant. Different members of the African American group have different group self-perceptions mainly because of the different upbringing, education level, religious beliefs, and the economic status. To those who are endowed materially, they have very little time for groups but those African American who are economically disadvantaged identify very much with groups. There are three theoretical approaches to counseling that are very important especially when dealing with this kind of cultural group namely; the psychodynamic approach, the humanistic-existential approach and the cognitive-behavioral approach. In the psychodynamic approach, the focus is on how the person internal world is organized (Anderson, 1985). It looks at the person childhood experiences, relationships and how the person deals with self esteem issues. This is very important to understand when it comes to the African American group because some of them react differently especially in situations where they are the n minority or when abused because of their skin color. The counselor needs to work on the self esteem issues of this group more deeply than other groups. The humanistic-existential approach deals mostly with the person view of the world coupled with his experiences. It majors on the current life and state of affairs. The cognitive-behavior approach on the other hand looks at the person’s behavior and beliefs. The kind of belief one has a direct impact on his or her behavior, for instance, negative belief is known to lead or result to maladaptive behaviors. Psychodynamic approach tries to get the person to bring to the surface their true feelings in order to experience them and understand them. This approach assumes that everybody has a subconscious mind and that feelings held in the unconscious mind, and that feelings held in the unconscious mind are often too painful to be faced (Anderson, 1985). People come up with defenses to protect this painful feeling. The therapist them seeks to make the person to keep in touch with their own reality, makes them aware of the feelings they are not aware of and makes them tolerate the painful feeling they are experiencing. Since the African-Americans distrust the government, the counselor will try to make them aware that the problems they are facing are not caused by the government in power. The African-Americans will be resistant to law and thus they will engage in illegal activities such as abusing drugs. The counselor should therefore try to convince them that they need to change their attitudes towards the government and abide by law. The counselors will need to pay attention to the rights of the African Americans and should not in any way get involved in any form discrimination. The counselors will need to treat them fairly regardless of their personal feelings that they may have against them. They should not stereotype on them and hence this will ensure that there is no biasness during the counseling period (Avashi Grover, 2008). The counselors should also know the culture of the African Americans well before commencing with the counseling. This will enable him know the particular attitudes and values of the group and therefore avoid prejudice while counseling them. Another ethical and legal aspect that the counselors should have is competency. The counselors should have knowledge about the particular group they are dealing with (Avashi Grover, 2008). The competency should enable him come up with the best decisions in treating the clients and also estimate costs and consequences of choosing the best method of treating the African American client. The counselors should keep the information acquired from the client as confidential so as to avoid conflicts with the clients Developing multicultural sensitivity awareness is an ongoing process. As counselors, it is important to view all clients as one individual, and comprehend that their beliefs, experiences, language and values affect the way they interact with others in a community. Also, we need to be aware that there are always differences within cultures. It is inappropriate to assume that a common culture is accepted by all members of a linguistic, racial or religious group. References Anderson, W. (1985). Journal of Counseling and development. Psychotherapy Counseling , 588–589. Avashi, A., Grover, S. (2008). Ethical and Legal Issues in Psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling and Development , 148-163. Norment, N. (2005). Readings in African American Language: Aspects, Features, and Perspectives. Bern: Peter Lang.

The Swimmer

The Swimmer Not everyone enjoys being afraid, but there are a lot of us who really enjoy the experience. Fear is an emotional response, which triggers a change in the brain and organ function, as well as in behavior. Fear may occur when facing danger such as a threat or a confrontation. Fear can lead us to flee, hide, or fight. Nevertheless, sometimes fear can also be what drives us to cross our own boundary and do what we long to do. The short story â€Å"The Swimmer† by S. Butler deals with a woman whose fear for being watched by others, keeps her from doing what she really wants. Her sudden desire for fear draws her closer and ends up making her do something even more fearsome, which luckily turns out to help her being set free. The story has an all-knowing third person narrative technique with focus on the protagonist and the setting around her. The short Story Starts by using the first five sentences to present the weather. â€Å"Three weeks of windless sun†. This establishes the overall setting for the reader.The setting is basically described as being a hot summer day, which has lasted for three weeks, with no cooling wind, and the suns heat burning on the ground. The cooling and moving water is in contrast to the clouds and the wind. â€Å"Nothing moves except the water†. There is a longer introduction to the water but it continuous from a different perspective. This leads to an introduction of both the water but also the main character. â€Å"She sits at her desk in the back room gazing out at the river. Where it rounds the first bend there's an eddy as the current twists out into the middle†¦ . J. S Butler is using sentences like the one above to set focus on the importance of the protagonist and the setting and thereby indirectly ailing the reader that the woman and the lake are of significance to the story. The main character is a woman who is sitting at a desk with her window open, which gives her a view to a lake nearby. Throughout the story, her job seems to be of less and less importance to her; meanwhile her interest in the lake grows. This comes to show in some of her thoughts while working: â€Å"No one has passed for at least three hours†.Unlike her work, the woman feels some kind of fascination towards the lake while working. Whether or not she is ratiocinating from her work by using the summer heat, as an excuse to take a swim in the lake is unclear at this point, but she – despite her fear of being watched while swimming -? makes the decision to go down to the lake. All ready before making this decision she had put her swimwear near her, which indicates that she had had the idea of taking a swim before, but had been reluctant about actually going.However, taking the initiative to go doesn't mean she overcame her fear. Due to the fact that it's a hot summer day, she defies her fear and goes into the lake. Out on the river path she takes long fast steps†. In addition, she is very aware Of the fact that if she hesitates, she might turn around and go back to her desk. In the water, she finds a swan. Its beauty amazes her and while knowing that it can be a very dangerous animal, she feels drawn by the fear. While trying to get closer to the swan, she spends a lot of time in the lake, which gradually helps her overcome her fear.The fact that she slowly overcomes her fear the first time and her new interest for the swan, she found the courage to go into the lake once more, and once more, and once more, each time getting closer to the swan and later on close enough to touch it. The woman's observations made from a distance indicate that the swan is dead, but also alive. â€Å"It doesn't hiss, nor arch its wings†. This brings a somewhat mysterious element to the story. The swan of course is a symbol, and the lag of movement and the fact that the swan doesn't really notice the woman, could suggest that it is dead already.However, warm blood blends in to the water, which indicates that the swan is alive. She thinks -? and the orator describes it as if – the swan where caught up in some of the fishermen's net, as it flew down onto the water. The swan has probably been caught up in the net for some time and has been suffering a lot. Like the woman, the swan, was probably fascinated by the waters beauty and decided to fly onto the Water. The Woman and the swan have both been drawn towards the water, because of the heat, but the swan is more relatable to the women then one might think. The woman can relate to the feeling of being held back.Of course, there is a entrant between being held back physically and held back by fear. Meanwhile the swan is trapped, the woman began to spend more and more time observing the swan, and be more and more attached to it. â€Å"She cannot stop thinking about the swan†. The fear she felt disappeared, as if it was a decreasing exponential equation to the time she spends in the lake. As a product of this decreasing fear, the woman began to untie herself from the reluctant and fear controlled life she had had. â€Å"Untwisting the line where the bird bound itself in its struggle†.There are many similarities between the caught up swan and the â€Å"caught up† woman. They are both struggling to get free and their endings have somewhat similar traits. Without the help of the woman, the swan could not get free. And without the â€Å"help† of the swan, the woman probably wouldn't have been freed from her fear of swimming in the lake. The theme of fear in the story is expressed by the main character s development. Other subsystems such as person development, mental freedom, helping others and the beauty of nature, are all shown in the legislation the woman establishes with the swan.Of course, the overall themes are fear and overcoming fear, but also themes such as unhappiness and maybe even the female role as the weak gender comes to show as possible th emes, however these are somewhat out of focus and thereby not central themes. The similarities between the woman and the swan suggest that the narrator is describing the same situation twice but from the different perspectives. The Swimmer The Swimmer Not everyone enjoys being afraid, but there are a lot of us who really enjoy the experience. Fear is an emotional response, which triggers a change in the brain and organ function, as well as in behavior. Fear may occur when facing danger such as a threat or a confrontation. Fear can lead us to flee, hide, or fight. Nevertheless, sometimes fear can also be what drives us to cross our own boundary and do what we long to do. The short story â€Å"The Swimmer† by S. Butler deals with a woman whose fear for being watched by others, keeps her from doing what she really wants. Her sudden desire for fear draws her closer and ends up making her do something even more fearsome, which luckily turns out to help her being set free. The story has an all-knowing third person narrative technique with focus on the protagonist and the setting around her. The short Story Starts by using the first five sentences to present the weather. â€Å"Three weeks of windless sun†. This establishes the overall setting for the reader.The setting is basically described as being a hot summer day, which has lasted for three weeks, with no cooling wind, and the suns heat burning on the ground. The cooling and moving water is in contrast to the clouds and the wind. â€Å"Nothing moves except the water†. There is a longer introduction to the water but it continuous from a different perspective. This leads to an introduction of both the water but also the main character. â€Å"She sits at her desk in the back room gazing out at the river. Where it rounds the first bend there's an eddy as the current twists out into the middle†¦ . J. S Butler is using sentences like the one above to set focus on the importance of the protagonist and the setting and thereby indirectly ailing the reader that the woman and the lake are of significance to the story. The main character is a woman who is sitting at a desk with her window open, which gives her a view to a lake nearby. Throughout the story, her job seems to be of less and less importance to her; meanwhile her interest in the lake grows. This comes to show in some of her thoughts while working: â€Å"No one has passed for at least three hours†.Unlike her work, the woman feels some kind of fascination towards the lake while working. Whether or not she is ratiocinating from her work by using the summer heat, as an excuse to take a swim in the lake is unclear at this point, but she – despite her fear of being watched while swimming -? makes the decision to go down to the lake. All ready before making this decision she had put her swimwear near her, which indicates that she had had the idea of taking a swim before, but had been reluctant about actually going.However, taking the initiative to go doesn't mean she overcame her fear. Due to the fact that it's a hot summer day, she defies her fear and goes into the lake. Out on the river path she takes long fast steps†. In addition, she is very aware Of the fact that if she hesitates, she might turn around and go back to her desk. In the water, she finds a swan. Its beauty amazes her and while knowing that it can be a very dangerous animal, she feels drawn by the fear. While trying to get closer to the swan, she spends a lot of time in the lake, which gradually helps her overcome her fear.The fact that she slowly overcomes her fear the first time and her new interest for the swan, she found the courage to go into the lake once more, and once more, and once more, each time getting closer to the swan and later on close enough to touch it. The woman's observations made from a distance indicate that the swan is dead, but also alive. â€Å"It doesn't hiss, nor arch its wings†. This brings a somewhat mysterious element to the story. The swan of course is a symbol, and the lag of movement and the fact that the swan doesn't really notice the woman, could suggest that it is dead already.However, warm blood blends in to the water, which indicates that the swan is alive. She thinks -? and the orator describes it as if – the swan where caught up in some of the fishermen's net, as it flew down onto the water. The swan has probably been caught up in the net for some time and has been suffering a lot. Like the woman, the swan, was probably fascinated by the waters beauty and decided to fly onto the Water. The Woman and the swan have both been drawn towards the water, because of the heat, but the swan is more relatable to the women then one might think. The woman can relate to the feeling of being held back.Of course, there is a entrant between being held back physically and held back by fear. Meanwhile the swan is trapped, the woman began to spend more and more time observing the swan, and be more and more attached to it. â€Å"She cannot stop thinking about the swan†. The fear she felt disappeared, as if it was a decreasing exponential equation to the time she spends in the lake. As a product of this decreasing fear, the woman began to untie herself from the reluctant and fear controlled life she had had. â€Å"Untwisting the line where the bird bound itself in its struggle†.There are many similarities between the caught up swan and the â€Å"caught up† woman. They are both struggling to get free and their endings have somewhat similar traits. Without the help of the woman, the swan could not get free. And without the â€Å"help† of the swan, the woman probably wouldn't have been freed from her fear of swimming in the lake. The theme of fear in the story is expressed by the main character s development. Other subsystems such as person development, mental freedom, helping others and the beauty of nature, are all shown in the legislation the woman establishes with the swan.Of course, the overall themes are fear and overcoming fear, but also themes such as unhappiness and maybe even the female role as the weak gender comes to show as possible th emes, however these are somewhat out of focus and thereby not central themes. The similarities between the woman and the swan suggest that the narrator is describing the same situation twice but from the different perspectives.

Incredible Facts About Nova Essay Samples Revealed by the Experts

Incredible Facts About Nova Essay Samples Revealed by the Experts Don't forget that any argumentative essay sample you'll discover on the internet will require a full rewriting in order to prevent plagiarism. As any guide about how to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. If one paragraph looks weak, then the total level of your essay will be lacking. The introductory paragraph is perhaps the most significant paragraph in the essay since it is the initial and possibly last opportunity to generate an effect on the reader. The New Fuss About Nova Essay Samples By doing this, you are going to be in a position to know for sure what your essay is all about before devising your thesis. Make certain to read your essay and make certain it is logical. Weave in your perspective to create your essay unique. At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. It is far better read through several narrative essay examples in order to get the one which best matches the format which you're writing your essay in. All essays will have a particular topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. There's no ideal solution on the best way to compose an effective essay. High school essays are structured very similarly irrespective of the topic and excellent essay structure will enable you to write a very clear essay that flows from 1 paragraph to the next. It may help you brainstorm some tips for your next scholarship essay. High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Choosing Good Nova Essay Samples In reality, you can make up any topic you want all on your own, as long because there is unlimited amount of those. You will discover people with more money indulging in dangerous activities attempting to fill the void they can't explain. Money satisfies the bodily needs of the individual, but people want to realize that happiness isn't physical. There are those who believe that the more cash that you have, the happier you are. Public high schools have their very own fair share of issues and in the event the student isn't careful, they could wind up in a massive mess. Among the neces sities of a university or a college is a quick scholarship essay. Many people think that high school entrance essays are comparatively simpler to write than college entrance essays, that is the reason there are fewer places where you are able to get assistance with higher school entrance essays. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my loved ones. What Is So Fascinating About Nova Essay Samples? As soon as you settle on the subject and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. The most important element which produces a persuasive essay in English stand out from the remainder of assignments is the use of reasoning. The simplest approach to set the kind of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. You have to find the most suitable resources for your essay along with patience when finding the correct inspiration to write. The way the topic affected you'll play a huge part in the way y ou will write your essay. On the opposite side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. You don't have to be concerned about your personal details that may be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network. Opt for a timely or an intriguing topic. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go straight to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. If you are in need of a website that will supply you with an all-inclusive collection of samples, then you're at the appropriate place. Try out this list of 100 topics to assist you in finding a topic. Look through the list of topics cautiously and start making a mental collection of the evidence it is possible to use on topics you prefer. The Nova Essay Samples Cover Up There's several essays completed by them. Scholarship providers would never tell you exactly what they are searching for in an essay. Today, there are several on-line sites which provide sample papers. What Does Nova Essay Samples Mean? It isn't as demanding as other varieties of academic papers, but nevertheless, it can provide you an overall insight on writing providing you with the fundamental skills of information gathering, creating an outline, and editing. When selecting high s chool essay format, step one is to recognize the kind of essay you want to write. Moreover, our English-speaking writers make sure every order has original content and a suitable structure. Simply take the time now to read more on the topic of persuasive writing.

The Duties and Objectives of Elementary School Teachers

The primary role of a teacher is to deliver classroom instruction that helps students learn. To accomplish this, teachers must prepare effective lessons, grade student work and offer feedback, manage classroom materials, productively navigate the curriculum, and collaborate with other staff. But being a teacher involves much more than executing lesson plans. Teaching is a highly sophisticated profession that regularly extends beyond academics. In addition to ensuring that students experience academic success, teachers must also function as surrogate parents, mentors and counselors, and even almost-politicians. There is almost no limit to the roles a teacher may play. Teacher as Third Parents Elementary school teachers contribute tremendously to student development. A childs experiences in their formative years shape them into the person they will become and teachers help in no small way to discover who that will be. Because teachers are such a big part of their students lives, many develop almost parental relationships with them. Due to the sheer amount of time that school is in session, teachers are tasked with being positive role models and mentors to their students every day. Students learn so much more than math, language arts, and social studies from their teachers—they learn social skills like how to be kind to others and make friends, when to ask for help or be independent, how to distinguish between right and wrong, and other life lessons that parents tend to echo. In many cases, students learn these things from teachers first. The nuances of a teachers role as a semi-parent largely depend on the age of their students but almost all teachers learn to care deeply for their students and always want the best for them. Whether a student is close with their teacher or not, they probably respect and revere them much like they do their own parents or guardians and teachers probably treat them as they would their own children. In some cases, teachers may be a students only mentor. Teachers as Intermediaries Even though a teacher is often like a parent, that doesnt leave a childs real family out of the picture—teachers are only one part of a larger equation. Teaching demands almost daily communication with families about everything from academics to behavior. Some of the most common forms of parent-teacher interaction include: Parent-teacher conferencesProgress reportsWeekly newslettersEmails, texts, and callsIEP meetings On top of these standard practices, teachers must often explain their choices to parents and conciliate them when there is conflict. If a parent or guardian finds out about something going on in the classroom that they dont like, a teacher must be prepared to defend their choices and their students. They must make informed decisions about how to act in their students favor and then be able to justify these, always standing firm but hearing families out. Teachers are the middlemen between parents and their children in education and parents are easily frustrated when they dont understand how or why something is being taught. Teachers must keep families in the loop as much as possible to prevent this but also be ready if someone is displeased with their decisions. Teaching entails always championing what is best for students and explaining how practices are beneficial as needed. Teachers as Advocates A teachers role is ever-changing. While teachers were once issued curriculum materials with a clear set of instructions detailing exactly how to teach them, this was not an equitable or effective approach because it did not acknowledge student individuality or real-life application. Now, teaching is responsive—it evolves to fit the needs and demands of any political and cultural climate. A responsive teacher counsels their students to use the knowledge they learn in school to become valuable members of society. They advocate for being informed and productive citizens by educating about social justice and current events. Teachers must always be aware, ethical, equitable, and engaged. The modern teaching profession also (often) includes advocating for students on a political level. Many teachers: Work with politicians, colleagues, and community members to set clear and attainable standards for students.Participate in the decision making to deal with problems affecting students learning.Mentor new teachers to prepare them to teach the youth of their generation. A teachers work is far-reaching and critical—the world just wouldnt be the same without it. Sources Ryan, Mary, and Theresa Bourke. â€Å"The Teacher as Reflexive Professional: Making Visible the Excluded Discourse in Teacher Standards.†Ã‚  Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, vol. 34, no. 3, 24 Aug. 2012, pp. 411–423.  Taylor Francis Online.Taack Lanier, Judith. â€Å"Redefining the Role of the Teacher: Its a Multifaceted Profession.†Ã‚  Edutopia, George Lucas Educational Foundation, 1 July 1997.â€Å"What Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers Do.†Ã‚  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, United States Department of Labor, 4 Sept. 2019.